What makes Led Zeppelin's "Kashmir" a timeless masterpiece? Is it the hauntingly powerful riff, the mystical lyrics, or perhaps the fusion of Western rock with Eastern musical influences? "Kashmir" is not just a song; it is an epic journey that has captivated audiences for decades. With its unique soundscape, it stands out even among Led Zeppelin's extensive discography. The track resonates with a sense of adventure and grandeur, making it a staple in rock music history. In this article, we'll unravel the story behind "Kashmir," examining its creation, impact, and legacy, inviting readers to dive deeper into the world of Led Zeppelin.
Led Zeppelin, the iconic British rock band, has left an indelible mark on the music world, and "Kashmir" is a testament to their innovative spirit. Released in 1975 on their sixth studio album, "Physical Graffiti," the song showcases the band's ability to blend diverse influences and create something entirely new. The track's Middle Eastern and Indian musical motifs, combined with its rock foundation, create a sound that is both exotic and familiar. This article will explore the elements that make "Kashmir" a standout track, from its intricate musical composition to the lyrical themes that transport listeners to distant lands.
The legacy of "Kashmir" is as vast as the landscapes it evokes. As we delve into the song's history, we'll uncover the technical prowess of its creators, the cultural contexts that influenced its sound, and the reasons why it continues to inspire musicians and fans alike. Join us as we celebrate this monumental piece of music and the band that brought it to life. From its inception to its enduring influence, "Kashmir" remains a shining star in the constellation of rock music. Let's embark on this journey together, exploring the depths of Led Zeppelin's "Kashmir."
Table of Contents
- The Origin of "Kashmir"
- Musical Composition and Structure
- Decoding the Lyrics
- Cultural and Musical Influences
- Critical Reception and Legacy
- Live Performances and Variations
- Impact on Music and Culture
- Led Zeppelin Band Members
- Production and Recording Process
- Covers and Tributes
- Visual and Artistic Interpretations
- Fan Perspectives and Interpretations
- "Kashmir" in the Digital Age
- Frequently Asked Questions
- Conclusion
The Origin of "Kashmir"
The story of "Kashmir" begins in the early 1970s, a time when Led Zeppelin was at the height of their creative powers. The song's genesis can be traced back to a road trip through the Moroccan desert, undertaken by guitarist Jimmy Page and vocalist Robert Plant. The vast, otherworldly landscape left a profound impact on the duo, inspiring them to capture its essence in music. Despite its name, "Kashmir" is not directly about the region in India. Instead, it evokes a sense of wanderlust and the ethereal beauty found in distant, uncharted territories.
Page and Plant's collaboration on "Kashmir" marked a significant turning point in their songwriting partnership. The song's initial riff was conceived by Page, who developed it while experimenting with open tuning on his guitar. The hypnotic, cyclical nature of the riff became the foundation upon which the rest of the track was built. Plant, inspired by the vastness of the desert and the mystical allure of travel, penned lyrics that complemented the music's grandeur.
The development of "Kashmir" was a meticulous process, with the band members dedicating countless hours to perfecting its intricate arrangement. It was during these sessions that bassist John Paul Jones contributed his orchestral prowess, layering the track with lush string sections and brass arrangements. This collaboration between the band members resulted in a composition that was both ambitious and cohesive, showcasing their individual talents while serving the song's overarching vision.
As the song evolved, it became clear that "Kashmir" was an embodiment of Led Zeppelin's musical philosophy: to push the boundaries of rock music by incorporating diverse influences and creating something entirely new. This innovative spirit is what makes "Kashmir" a cornerstone in the band's legacy, a testament to their ability to transcend genres and craft timeless music.
Musical Composition and Structure
"Kashmir" is renowned for its complex musical structure, which seamlessly blends elements of rock, orchestral music, and Eastern influences. The song's foundation is built upon a hypnotic guitar riff in DADGAD tuning, a technique that lends itself to the modal, droning sound that defines the track. This riff, played by Jimmy Page, serves as the backbone of the song, providing a sense of continuity and drive.
The track's rhythm section, featuring John Bonham on drums and John Paul Jones on bass, adds depth and power to the composition. Bonham's drumming is particularly noteworthy, as he employs a unique time signature that alternates between 4/4 and 3/4, creating a polyrhythmic feel that propels the song forward. His use of dynamic fills and cymbal accents further enhances the song's intensity, making it one of his most memorable performances.
John Paul Jones' contributions to "Kashmir" go beyond his bass playing. His orchestral arrangements, featuring strings and brass, add a layer of majesty to the track, elevating it from a straightforward rock song to a symphonic masterpiece. These arrangements, combined with the band's rock instrumentation, create a rich sonic tapestry that is both grand and immersive.
The song's structure is both unconventional and compelling. It eschews the traditional verse-chorus format in favor of a more linear progression, with each section building upon the last. This approach allows for a gradual escalation of tension and release, leading to a climactic finale that leaves a lasting impression on the listener.
Overall, the musical composition of "Kashmir" is a testament to Led Zeppelin's ability to innovate and defy genre conventions. By combining elements of rock, orchestral music, and Eastern influences, the band created a track that is both timeless and universally resonant, solidifying "Kashmir" as one of their most iconic works.
Decoding the Lyrics
The lyrics of "Kashmir," penned by Robert Plant, are a key element of the song's allure. They evoke a sense of mystery and adventure, transporting the listener to distant, mystical lands. Plant's words are both poetic and enigmatic, inviting interpretation while remaining elusive in their meaning.
The song opens with vivid imagery of a journey through a vast, uncharted landscape, capturing the feeling of wanderlust and discovery. Plant's lyrics speak of a quest for enlightenment and understanding, themes that resonate with listeners on a personal and universal level. The recurring motif of "Kashmir" as a distant, almost mythical place serves as a metaphor for the pursuit of knowledge and spiritual fulfillment.
Throughout the song, Plant's lyrics are infused with a sense of wonder and awe, reflecting the natural beauty and majesty of the world. His use of vivid imagery and descriptive language paints a picture of a journey that is both physical and metaphysical, inviting the listener to join him on this epic adventure.
The chorus, with its repeated refrain of "Oh, let the sun beat down upon my face," captures the essence of the song's theme: a longing for connection with the natural world and a desire to transcend the mundane. This sentiment is echoed in the verses, where Plant's lyrics explore the interplay between the internal and external, the known and the unknown.
Overall, the lyrics of "Kashmir" are a testament to Robert Plant's lyrical prowess and his ability to craft words that resonate with listeners on a deep, emotional level. By weaving together themes of adventure, discovery, and transcendence, Plant creates a lyrical tapestry that complements the song's musical composition, making "Kashmir" a truly unforgettable experience.
Cultural and Musical Influences
"Kashmir" is a prime example of Led Zeppelin's ability to draw inspiration from a wide range of cultural and musical influences. The song's unique sound is a result of the band's exploration of Eastern music, particularly the scales and rhythms found in Middle Eastern and Indian traditions.
The track's use of modal scales, such as the Dorian and Phrygian modes, lends it an exotic quality that sets it apart from traditional Western rock music. These scales, combined with the droning guitar riff and orchestral arrangements, create a soundscape that is both otherworldly and familiar, evoking a sense of timelessness.
In addition to its musical influences, "Kashmir" is also shaped by the cultural experiences of its creators. Jimmy Page and Robert Plant's travels through Morocco and other parts of the world exposed them to a diverse array of musical traditions, which they incorporated into their songwriting. This willingness to embrace and experiment with different cultural elements is a hallmark of Led Zeppelin's music and is particularly evident in "Kashmir."
The song's fusion of Eastern and Western musical elements is a reflection of the band's broader artistic vision. By blending these influences, Led Zeppelin created a track that transcends cultural boundaries and resonates with listeners from all walks of life. This approach not only set "Kashmir" apart from other rock songs of its time but also contributed to its enduring appeal.
Ultimately, "Kashmir" is a testament to Led Zeppelin's ability to innovate and push the boundaries of rock music. By drawing on a rich tapestry of cultural and musical influences, the band created a track that is both timeless and universally resonant, solidifying "Kashmir" as one of their most iconic works.
Critical Reception and Legacy
Upon its release in 1975 as part of the double album "Physical Graffiti," "Kashmir" quickly garnered acclaim from both critics and fans. The song was praised for its ambitious composition, intricate arrangements, and powerful performances, solidifying its place as a standout track in Led Zeppelin's discography.
Critics lauded "Kashmir" for its innovative blend of Eastern and Western musical elements, highlighting the band's ability to push the boundaries of rock music. The track's dynamic structure and orchestral arrangements were particularly praised, with many noting its cinematic quality and epic scope.
Over the years, "Kashmir" has continued to receive accolades and recognition, cementing its status as one of Led Zeppelin's most iconic songs. It has been featured in numerous "greatest songs" lists, with many considering it a defining moment in the band's career. The track has also been credited with influencing countless musicians and bands, who have drawn inspiration from its unique sound and ambitious composition.
The legacy of "Kashmir" extends beyond its critical acclaim. The song has become a staple of Led Zeppelin's live performances, with its powerful riff and anthemic chorus electrifying audiences around the world. It has been covered and reinterpreted by numerous artists across various genres, further testament to its enduring appeal and influence.
In the decades since its release, "Kashmir" has remained a beloved and revered track, continuing to captivate new generations of listeners. Its timelessness and universal resonance are a testament to Led Zeppelin's artistic vision and their ability to create music that transcends cultural and musical boundaries. As such, "Kashmir" stands as a shining example of the band's enduring legacy and their impact on the world of music.
Live Performances and Variations
Live performances of "Kashmir" have been a highlight of Led Zeppelin's concerts, showcasing the band's ability to recreate the song's epic scope and intensity on stage. The track's powerful riff and anthemic chorus make it a natural choice for live settings, where it often serves as a climactic moment in the band's setlist.
During live performances, Led Zeppelin would often extend the song, incorporating improvisational sections and solos that added a new dimension to the track. Jimmy Page's guitar work, in particular, would take center stage, with his solos offering a fresh interpretation of the song's familiar themes. These live renditions allowed the band to experiment and explore the song's potential, making each performance a unique experience for both the band and the audience.
One of the most notable live performances of "Kashmir" took place during Led Zeppelin's reunion concert at the O2 Arena in London in 2007. This performance, part of the Ahmet Ertegun Tribute Concert, was hailed as a triumphant return for the band, with "Kashmir" serving as a standout moment. The concert was later released as the "Celebration Day" album and film, allowing fans to relive the experience.
In addition to Led Zeppelin's own performances, "Kashmir" has been covered and reinterpreted by numerous artists across various genres. These covers often bring a new perspective to the song, highlighting its versatility and timelessness. Notable interpretations include versions by the London Philharmonic Orchestra, who infused the track with a classical flair, and singer-songwriter Ann Wilson, who offered a powerful vocal rendition.
The song's enduring popularity and influence continue to inspire musicians and fans alike, with live performances and covers ensuring that "Kashmir" remains a vibrant and relevant part of the musical landscape. Its ability to captivate audiences and evoke a sense of wonder and adventure is a testament to its enduring appeal and the lasting impact of Led Zeppelin's music.
Impact on Music and Culture
The impact of "Kashmir" on music and culture is both profound and far-reaching. As one of Led Zeppelin's most iconic tracks, the song has left an indelible mark on the world of rock music and beyond, influencing countless artists and shaping the sound of future generations.
Musically, "Kashmir" set a new standard for what a rock song could be, blending elements of Eastern and Western music to create a sound that was both innovative and timeless. This fusion of influences inspired a wave of musicians to explore new sonic territories, leading to the emergence of genres such as progressive rock and world music. The song's complex arrangements and orchestral elements also paved the way for more ambitious and experimental compositions within the rock genre.
Beyond its musical impact, "Kashmir" has also had a significant cultural influence, resonating with listeners from diverse backgrounds and transcending cultural boundaries. The song's themes of adventure, discovery, and transcendence have universal appeal, speaking to the human desire for exploration and connection with the natural world. This resonance has made "Kashmir" a powerful cultural touchstone, inspiring artists, writers, and filmmakers to incorporate its themes and motifs into their own work.
The song's influence is also evident in its continued presence in popular culture. "Kashmir" has been featured in numerous films, television shows, and commercials, often used to evoke a sense of epic grandeur and adventure. The track's iconic status has also made it a frequent subject of analysis and discussion, with fans and scholars alike exploring its meaning and significance.
Ultimately, the impact of "Kashmir" on music and culture is a testament to the enduring legacy of Led Zeppelin and their ability to create music that transcends time and space. The song's innovative sound, universal themes, and cultural resonance ensure that it will continue to inspire and captivate audiences for generations to come.
Led Zeppelin Band Members
Led Zeppelin, one of the most influential rock bands in history, was formed in 1968 and consisted of four exceptionally talented musicians. Each member brought their own unique skills and contributions to the band, creating a sound that was both innovative and timeless. Below is a brief overview of the band members and their roles within Led Zeppelin:
| Member | Role | Born | Notable Contributions |
|---|---|---|---|
| Jimmy Page | Guitarist, Producer | January 9, 1944 | Legendary guitar riffs, production |
| Robert Plant | Vocalist | August 20, 1948 | Powerful vocals, lyrical contributions |
| John Paul Jones | Bassist, Keyboardist | January 3, 1946 | Orchestral arrangements, multi-instrumentalism |
| John Bonham | Drummer | May 31, 1948 | Dynamic drumming, rhythmic innovation |
Jimmy Page, the band's guitarist and producer, was the driving force behind Led Zeppelin's sound. His innovative guitar work and production skills were instrumental in shaping the band's music, from the iconic riffs of "Kashmir" to the experimental soundscapes of their later albums. Page's ability to blend diverse influences and create a cohesive sound is a hallmark of Led Zeppelin's music.
Robert Plant, the band's charismatic vocalist, brought his powerful voice and lyrical prowess to the group. Plant's vocals are a defining feature of Led Zeppelin's music, with his range and emotive delivery capturing the essence of the band's sound. His lyrical contributions, often inspired by mythology and literature, add depth and intrigue to the band's songs.
John Paul Jones, the band's bassist and keyboardist, was a versatile musician and arranger. His orchestral arrangements and multi-instrumentalism added a layer of complexity and sophistication to Led Zeppelin's music, elevating tracks like "Kashmir" to symphonic heights. Jones' contributions were essential to the band's ability to explore new musical territories and push the boundaries of rock music.
John Bonham, the band's drummer, was known for his dynamic drumming style and rhythmic innovation. Bonham's powerful drumming provided the foundation for Led Zeppelin's music, with his intricate rhythms and explosive fills driving the band's sound. His influence can be heard in countless drummers who have followed in his footsteps, cementing his legacy as one of the greatest drummers in rock history.
Together, these four musicians created a sound that was greater than the sum of its parts, leaving an indelible mark on the world of music and ensuring Led Zeppelin's place in history as one of the most influential rock bands of all time.
Production and Recording Process
The production and recording process of "Kashmir" was a meticulous and collaborative effort, reflecting Led Zeppelin's commitment to creating a track that was both ambitious and cohesive. The song was recorded over several sessions in 1974 at various locations, including Headley Grange, a former poorhouse in Hampshire, England, known for its unique acoustics.
Jimmy Page, the band's guitarist and producer, played a crucial role in shaping the sound of "Kashmir." His production approach emphasized capturing the raw energy and spontaneity of the band while incorporating intricate arrangements and orchestral elements. Page's use of innovative recording techniques, such as layering guitars and experimenting with microphone placement, contributed to the song's rich and dynamic sound.
The recording sessions for "Kashmir" were marked by a spirit of experimentation and collaboration. John Paul Jones' orchestral arrangements, featuring strings and brass, were recorded separately and later integrated into the track, adding a layer of grandeur and sophistication. These arrangements were carefully crafted to complement the band's rock instrumentation, creating a seamless blend of Eastern and Western musical elements.
Robert Plant's vocal performance on "Kashmir" was a standout moment in the recording process. His powerful and emotive delivery captured the essence of the song's themes, with his lyrics adding depth and intrigue to the track. Plant's vocals were recorded with minimal processing, allowing his natural voice to shine through and convey the song's epic scope.
John Bonham's drumming on "Kashmir" is another highlight of the recording process. His use of dynamic fills and polyrhythmic patterns added a sense of urgency and drive to the track, propelling the song forward. Bonham's drums were recorded with a combination of close and ambient microphones, capturing both the detail of his playing and the room's natural acoustics.
The final mix of "Kashmir" was a testament to the band's attention to detail and commitment to creating a track that was both innovative and timeless. The song's dynamic range and intricate arrangements were carefully balanced, resulting in a sound that was both powerful and immersive. The production and recording process of "Kashmir" set a new standard for what a rock song could be, showcasing Led Zeppelin's ability to push the boundaries of music and create a lasting legacy.
Covers and Tributes
"Kashmir" has been covered and reinterpreted by numerous artists across various genres, reflecting its enduring appeal and influence. These covers often bring a new perspective to the song, highlighting its versatility and timelessness. Below are some notable covers and tributes to "Kashmir":
- London Philharmonic Orchestra: This orchestral interpretation of "Kashmir" infuses the track with a classical flair, highlighting the song's symphonic qualities and showcasing the versatility of Led Zeppelin's music.
- Ann Wilson: The Heart vocalist's powerful rendition of "Kashmir" captures the song's epic scope and intensity, with her emotive delivery adding a new dimension to the track.
- Elvis Costello and the Attractions: This live cover of "Kashmir" offers a fresh take on the song, with Costello's unique vocal style and the band's dynamic instrumentation bringing a new energy to the track.
- Tool: The progressive metal band has incorporated elements of "Kashmir" into their live performances, demonstrating the song's influence on their music and showcasing its adaptability to different genres.
- U2: During their "Vertigo" tour, U2 incorporated a snippet of "Kashmir" into their live performances, paying tribute to Led Zeppelin and acknowledging the song's impact on their music.
These covers and tributes are a testament to the lasting impact of "Kashmir" and its ability to resonate with artists and audiences across different musical landscapes. The song's universal themes and innovative sound continue to inspire musicians and fans alike, ensuring that "Kashmir" remains a vibrant and relevant part of the musical landscape.
Visual and Artistic Interpretations
The visual and artistic interpretations of "Kashmir" have played a significant role in enhancing the song's mystique and allure. From album artwork to stage design, these elements have contributed to the song's timeless appeal and helped convey its themes of adventure and transcendence.
The album artwork for "Physical Graffiti," the double album on which "Kashmir" was released, features a photograph of a New York City tenement building with die-cut windows. This design allows the inner sleeves to show through, creating a dynamic and interactive visual experience. The artwork, created by Peter Corriston and Mike Doud, reflects the album's eclectic and ambitious nature, complementing the epic scope of "Kashmir."
In live performances, Led Zeppelin often incorporated elaborate stage designs and lighting effects to enhance the experience of "Kashmir." These elements helped create an immersive atmosphere, transporting the audience to the distant, mystical landscapes evoked by the song. The use of visual effects, such as projections and pyrotechnics, added to the song's grandeur and intensity, making it a standout moment in the band's concerts.
Beyond album art and stage design, "Kashmir" has also inspired a wide range of artistic interpretations, from fan art to professional works. Artists have drawn inspiration from the song's themes and imagery, creating pieces that capture its sense of wonder and adventure. These visual interpretations serve as a testament to the song's impact and its ability to inspire creativity across different mediums.
The visual and artistic interpretations of "Kashmir" contribute to its status as a cultural touchstone, enhancing the song's mystique and allure. By capturing the essence of the song's themes and complementing its musical composition, these elements help ensure that "Kashmir" remains a timeless and universally resonant work of art.
Fan Perspectives and Interpretations
The song "Kashmir" holds a special place in the hearts of Led Zeppelin fans, with many offering their own interpretations and perspectives on its meaning and significance. These fan interpretations highlight the song's universal appeal and its ability to resonate with listeners on a personal and emotional level.
For many fans, "Kashmir" is seen as a journey of exploration and discovery, both physical and metaphysical. The song's vivid imagery and evocative lyrics invite listeners to embark on their own personal quests for knowledge and understanding, making it a powerful metaphor for the human experience.
Some fans interpret "Kashmir" as a reflection on the natural world and humanity's connection to it. The song's themes of wonder and awe capture the beauty and majesty of the world, inspiring listeners to appreciate and protect the environment. This interpretation is particularly resonant in today's context, where environmental issues are at the forefront of public consciousness.
Others view "Kashmir" as a celebration of cultural diversity and the blending of different musical traditions. The song's fusion of Eastern and Western influences is seen as a testament to Led Zeppelin's ability to transcend cultural boundaries and create music that is both innovative and timeless. This perspective highlights the band's willingness to embrace and experiment with diverse influences, making "Kashmir" a symbol of artistic exploration and creativity.
Ultimately, the fan perspectives and interpretations of "Kashmir" reflect the song's ability to connect with listeners on a deep and personal level. Its universal themes and innovative sound continue to inspire and captivate audiences, ensuring that "Kashmir" remains a beloved and revered track in Led Zeppelin's discography.
"Kashmir" in the Digital Age
In the digital age, "Kashmir" continues to captivate new generations of listeners, thanks to its availability on streaming platforms and its inclusion in digital playlists. The song's timeless appeal and universal themes ensure that it remains relevant and resonant in today's fast-paced, technology-driven world.
Streaming platforms such as Spotify, Apple Music, and YouTube have made "Kashmir" more accessible than ever, allowing fans to discover and enjoy the song with ease. The track's presence on these platforms has introduced it to a new audience, many of whom were not alive when the song was first released. This accessibility has helped "Kashmir" maintain its status as one of Led Zeppelin's most iconic songs, ensuring that its legacy continues to grow.
The digital age has also seen "Kashmir" featured in various media, from films and television shows to commercials and video games. Its inclusion in these contexts highlights the song's enduring appeal and its ability to evoke a sense of epic grandeur and adventure. This exposure has further cemented "Kashmir" as a cultural touchstone, resonating with audiences across different mediums.
In addition to its presence on streaming platforms, "Kashmir" has also inspired a wealth of digital content, from fan-made videos and remixes to social media tributes and discussions. These digital expressions of fandom reflect the song's impact and its ability to inspire creativity and connection among fans around the world.
Overall, "Kashmir" in the digital age continues to be a powerful and influential track, resonating with listeners old and new. Its timelessness and universal appeal ensure that it remains a vibrant and relevant part of the musical landscape, inspiring and captivating audiences for generations to come.
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What inspired Led Zeppelin to write "Kashmir"?
The inspiration for "Kashmir" came from a road trip through the Moroccan desert taken by Jimmy Page and Robert Plant. The vast and otherworldly landscape left a lasting impression on them, inspiring the song's themes of adventure and discovery.
2. Is "Kashmir" about the region in India?
Despite its name, "Kashmir" is not directly about the region in India. The song is more about the feeling of wanderlust and the allure of distant, mystical places, rather than a specific geographical location.
3. What makes "Kashmir" musically unique?
"Kashmir" is musically unique due to its blend of Eastern and Western influences, use of modal scales, and incorporation of orchestral arrangements. The song's complex structure and polyrhythmic patterns further set it apart from traditional rock music.
4. How has "Kashmir" influenced other musicians?
"Kashmir" has influenced countless musicians across various genres, inspiring them to explore new sonic territories and experiment with diverse musical influences. Its innovative sound has paved the way for genres such as progressive rock and world music.
5. What is the significance of "Kashmir" in Led Zeppelin's discography?
"Kashmir" is a defining track in Led Zeppelin's discography, showcasing the band's ability to innovate and push the boundaries of rock music. Its ambitious composition and universal themes have made it one of the band's most iconic and enduring works.
6. How has "Kashmir" remained relevant in the digital age?
In the digital age, "Kashmir" has remained relevant through its availability on streaming platforms and its inclusion in various media. Its timeless appeal and universal themes continue to resonate with new generations of listeners, ensuring its lasting legacy.
Conclusion
As we conclude our exploration of Led Zeppelin's "Kashmir," it becomes evident that this iconic track is more than just a song; it is a testament to the band's innovative spirit and artistic vision. With its unique blend of Eastern and Western influences, complex musical structure, and evocative lyrical themes, "Kashmir" stands as a shining example of what rock music can achieve when artists are willing to push boundaries and embrace diverse influences.
The song's lasting impact on music and culture is a testament to its universal appeal and timelessness. "Kashmir" continues to inspire musicians and fans alike, resonating with listeners across different generations and cultural backgrounds. Its presence in the digital age, through streaming platforms and various media, ensures that it remains a vibrant and relevant part of the musical landscape.
Ultimately, "Kashmir" is a celebration of adventure, discovery, and transcendence, inviting listeners to embark on their own personal journeys and explore the vast, uncharted territories of the human experience. As we reflect on the song's legacy and significance, it is clear that "Kashmir" will continue to captivate and inspire audiences for generations to come. Let us celebrate this monumental piece of music and the band that brought it to life, as we embark on our own journeys through the timeless soundscape of Led Zeppelin's "Kashmir."
